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Molecular diagnostics examples1/17/2024 ![]() ![]() S1 corresponds to the large receptor binding domain (RBD), while S2 is helpful in the formation of the stalk of the spike protein. Coronavirus is a positive, single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) (+ssRNA) virus (30 kb in length) that contains the following major structural proteins, i.e., spike (S), nucleocapsid (N), envelope (E), and membrane (M) protein as shown in Figures 1A, B ( 15).Īmong the structural proteins, spike protein comprises two subunits, S1 and S2, to guide viral attachment, fusion, and entry. The complete description of human Coronaviridae family and Orthocoronavirinae subfamily have been listed in Table 1. Members of this family cause hepatic, enteric, respiratory, and neurological diseases in humans as well as different animal species, including bats, cattle, cats, and camels ( 8). ![]() SARS CoV-2 is a beta-coronavirus with a crown-like appearance due to the presence of spike S1 glycoprotein on its surface ( 7). However, in stark contrast, SARS-CoV-2, which surfaced in December 2019, has turned into a pandemic. Therefore, in June 2003, the outbreak was primarily contained within households, with only a few cases of infection and mortality being recorded. Transmission of SARS-CoV was primarily through direct contact with an infected person and had overall a low transmittable rate. As of June 2021, a total of 176 million COVID-19 confirmed cases have been reported around the world. SARS-CoV was first reported as early as 2002 in Guangdong, China ( 1), while Saudi Arabia reported cases of MERS-CoV in June 2012. Based on a study on coronavirus, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, on comparing the phylogeny and taxonomy, declared this virus similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‐CoV) and named it SARS‐CoV‐2 ( 6). This review will also provide an insight into an ongoing research and the possibility of developing more economical tools to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic.Ĭoronavirus was discovered in Wuhan, China due to an outbreak of pneumonia in December 2019 ( 1– 5) and the World Health Organization (WHO) gave it the nomenclature 2019 novel coronavirus (2019‐nCoV). Herein, we have summarized conventional diagnostic methods such as Chest-CT (Computed Tomography), RT-PCR, Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP), Reverse Transcription-LAMP (RT-LAMP), as well new modern diagnostics such as CRISPR–Cas-based assays, Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS), Lateral Flow Assays (LFA), Graphene-Field Effect Transistor (GraFET), electrochemical sensors, immunosensors, antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs)-based assays, and microarrays for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Currently, the gold standard for detection of SARS-CoV-2 is Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), but it lacks accuracy, is time-consuming and cumbersome, and fails to detect multi-variant forms of the virus. Besides developing a vaccine, rapid, accurate, and cost-effective diagnosis is essential for monitoring and combating the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its related variants on time with precision and accuracy. 2Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, SloveniaĬoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which started out as an outbreak of pneumonia, has now turned into a pandemic due to its rapid transmission.1Department of Biotechnology (DBT)-National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, India. ![]() Akanksha Roberts 1 Raghuraj Singh Chouhan 2* Deepshikha Shahdeo 1 Narlawar Sagar Shrikrishna 1 Veerbhan Kesarwani 1 Milena Horvat 2 Sonu Gandhi 1* ![]()
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